CRT Repair Cautions: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:34, 7 March 2022

While this page is meant to make you aware of potential hazards and how to avoid them, it cannot guarantee accuracy in all situations for all devices or the condition of devices to function in expected ways.

As such, there are no guarantees that this information is accurate or applicable to what you as the reader may work on and Caps Wiki and its owner/operator assumes no liability for actions taken based on this information.

The threats of danger from working on CRTs are widely misunderstood and may lead to serviceable CRTs being disposed of when repairs could have been made. This page aims to explain why most hazardous claims are exaggerated and what the few real possible dangers of working on a CRTs are. Most CRTs made only have the potential for the anode to provide a shock, but older displays may have live chassis and some special displays may use electrostatic deflection rather than magnetic. So the older and more niche you go, the more precautions you should take.

Anode Shock Hazard

The clips on an anode cap from a Mac Classic II

As explained in CRT Operation the glass tube acts as a capacitor. The amount of energy it can contain when powered off can vary based on the size and construction of the tube but may typically be around 1 to 10 nF in combination with the fly-back output capacitance. This means at 20,000 V the total energy stored in the tube itself would be between 0.2 to 2 J. For perspective an ATX computer power supply may have a 450 V 270 µF Mains Power filter capacitor which can store about 27 J and a defibrillator may deliver 10 to 350 J to a patient. Additionally the very high anode voltage is often greater than the dielectric breakdown voltage of things like plastic handled screwdrivers, pieces of wood or small air gaps meaning they become conductors allowing you to be shocked. So a shock from a CRT is not any more hazardous than other devices, but is more likely to shock when you're not expecting it.

You can only be shocked by the CRT when you touch both its anode and cathode. The cathode is connected to the outside conductive coating of the tube and is typically connected to circuit ground making anywhere on the chassis of the device act as the cathode of the CRT for completing a circuit. The only way to access the anode is under the anode cap though, the inner coating is not externally exposed. The anode cap is also connected to the flyback transformer, but due to the fully encapsulated nature of most modern fly-back transformers you cannot come in contact with the anode directly on it. So if you do not need to remove the anode cap, you are unlikely to come in contact with both sides of the CRT and be shocked. The only time it is likely to happen is when you need to remove the anode cap, which should only be needed when removing the PCB the flyback transformer is mounted to or the CRT itself.

When working on a CRT attention should be paid to the charged state of the display tube. The dangers of being shocked are frequently characterized as being lethal, which is a gross exaggeration. You can be shocked (and the author writing this has) by a CRT and suffer no ill effects other than surprise and embarrassment. The severity will depend on the characteristics of the tube though.

Discharging a CRT

Since the CRT itself functions as a capacitor, the way to discharge it is to connect the anode and cathode to allow for the voltage potential to equalize between them. The energy stored in the tube is dissipated as heat through the connection. The CRT does not need to be connected to earth ground to achieve this. To do this you need to connect the clips of the anode cap while it is still attached to the tube to ground on the chassis. The most difficult part of the process is is getting a conductor underneath the anode cap on the CRT which may be "stuck" if it was applied with a grease. Using a non-conductive tool to first lift the silicone portion of the anode cap can be helpful. A simple way of then connecting the anode to ground is to use a wire with clips to connect the chassis to a flat bladed screw driver and then tap the clips of the anode cap with the screwdriver. You will most likely hear and potentially see a spark when the discharge happens. The discharge is instant as soon as the spark happens.

Some CRTs may have a "bleeder" resistor installed which connects the CRTs anode and cathode. This will be an extremely high value resistor that won't allow much current to pass through, but once a CRT has been turned off it will slowly dissipate the charge. If you attempt to manually discharge and do not hear or see a spark this may be why.

Electrostatic Deflection Shock Hazard

This style of CRT is most commonly found in older monochrome TV sets, oscilloscopes and other test equipment, they can be identified by their lack of a yoke and long tube. Those CRTs like electromagnetic CRTs also use a high acceleration voltage on the anode up to 15 kV typically to form the electron beam, however unlike high current low voltage electromagnetic CRT yokes, electrostatic CRTs instead have several high voltages for deflection and focusing, those are typically between 1.5 kV and 300 V (both positive and negative) and can be a hazard especially in older units with poorly labeled fully exposed circuits boards.

Electrostaticlly deflected CRT in the Heathkit IO 4550
High voltage deflection PCB in the Heathkit IO 4550

Exposed Metalwork Shock Hazard

For more information, see more on the full page: Mains Power

Some CRTs contain metalwork such as the frame or heatsinks that are live with mains voltage (100 to 240 V), touching those will result in a potentially lethal electric shock. When working on those types of CRTs an isolation transformer is essential but does not eliminate the risk of electric shock.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

In summary this hazard is only present in very specific older CRTs and some CRTs not intended for use in a home and even then the risk is minimal to repair.

Accelerated Electrons Radiation

CRTs have the capability to generate small amounts of low energy ionizing radiation (x-rays) when turned on due to the accelerated electrons rapidly decelerating when hitting the front grilles, phosphors and glass, however this is typically an insignificant amount as modern CRTs contain leaded glass that block this radiation, some CRTs from the 1960s emit ionizing radiation "in excess of desirable levels" so should not be viewed from close distances or for long periods. Regardless, when switched off all ionizing radiation production is stopped, no 'residual' radiation remains, there is no risk of this type of ionizing radiation exposure when repairing CRTs.

Thoriated Tungsten Cathodes

Some CRTs contain cathodes with thoriated tungsten cathodes, as thorium is a radioactive isotope it emits ionizing radiation (gamma rays) even without power. However due to the very small amount of thorium, it's containment in the glass tube and it's limited use in modern CRTs it poses no risk to repair.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Warn|Warning text=While this page is meant to make you aware of potential hazards and how to avoid them, it cannot guarantee accuracy in all situations for all devices or the condition of devices to function in expected ways.
+As such, '''there are no guarantees that this information is accurate or applicable to what you as the reader may work on and Caps Wiki and its owner/operator assumes no liability for actions taken based on this information.'''|Color=#f11|Icon=OOjs UI icon information-destructive.svg}}
+The threats of danger from working on [[CRT]]s are widely misunderstood and may lead to serviceable CRTs being disposed of when repairs could have been made. This page aims to explain why most hazardous claims are exaggerated and what the few real possible dangers of working on a CRTs are. Most CRTs made only have the potential for the anode to provide a shock, but older displays may have live chassis and some special displays may use electrostatic deflection rather than magnetic. So the older and more niche you go, the more precautions you should take.
+== Anode Shock Hazard ==
+[[File:AnodeCapClips.png|thumb|The clips on an anode cap from a [[Mac Classic II]]]]
+As explained in [[CRT#CRT Operation|CRT Operation]] the glass tube acts as a capacitor.  The amount of energy it can contain when powered off can vary based on the size and construction of the tube but may typically be around 1 to 10 nF in combination with the fly-back output capacitance. This means at 20,000 V the total energy stored in the tube itself would be between 0.2 to 2 J. For perspective an ATX computer power supply may have a 450 V 270 µF  [[Mains Power#Filter Caps|Mains Power]] filter capacitor which can store about 27 J and a defibrillator may deliver 10 to 350 J to a patient. Additionally the very high anode voltage is often greater than the dielectric breakdown voltage of things like plastic handled screwdrivers, pieces of wood or small air gaps meaning they become conductors allowing you to be shocked. So a shock from a CRT is not any more hazardous than other devices, but is more likely to shock when you're not expecting it.
+You can only be shocked by the CRT when you touch both its anode and cathode. The cathode is connected to the outside conductive coating of the tube and is typically connected to circuit ground making anywhere on the chassis of the device act as the cathode of the CRT for completing a circuit. The only way to access the anode is under the anode cap though, the inner coating is not externally exposed. The anode cap is also connected to the flyback transformer, but due to the fully encapsulated nature of most modern fly-back transformers you cannot come in contact with the anode directly on it. So if you do not need to remove the anode cap, you are unlikely to come in contact with both sides of the CRT and be shocked. The only time it is likely to happen is when you need to remove the anode cap, which should only be needed when removing the PCB the flyback transformer is mounted to or the CRT itself.
 When working on a CRT attention should be paid to the charged state of the display tube. The dangers of being shocked are frequently characterized as being lethal, which is a gross exaggeration. You can be shocked (and the author writing this has) by a CRT and suffer no ill effects other than surprise and embarrassment. The severity will depend on the characteristics of the tube though.
-== CRT Charge ==
+=== Discharging a CRT ===
-CRT stands for "Cathode Ray Tube", where the cathode generates an electron beam that is moved across the phosphor coated tube to produce light. This is somewhat unintuitive with the concept of "conventional current", the idea that current flows from a positive charge to a negative one which is the way most electronics is taught and presented. The reality is that electrons actually flow from a negative charge to a positive one. This fact has actually been used for multiple types of display technologies like Vacuum Florescent Displays and Nixie tubes which don't use [[wikipedia:Black-body_radiation|Black-body radiation]] to create light unlike an incandescent bulb. The electrons hit a phosphor layer in VFDs and flow through a gas in the case of nixies that they interact with causing the glow. But VFDs and Nixies operate at dozens or a few hundred volts instead of multiple thousands like CRTs. CRTs need the electron flow to be fast and precise, so they use a vacuum like VFDs but increase the voltage difference significantly.
+Since the CRT itself functions as a capacitor, the way to discharge it is to connect the anode and cathode to allow for the voltage potential to equalize between them. The energy stored in the tube is dissipated as heat through the connection. The CRT does not need to be connected to earth ground to achieve this. To do this you need to connect the clips of the anode cap while it is still attached to the tube to ground on the chassis. The most difficult part of the process is is getting a conductor underneath the anode cap on the CRT which may be "stuck" if it was applied with a grease. Using a non-conductive tool to first lift the silicone portion of the anode cap can be helpful. A simple way of then connecting the anode to ground is to use a wire with clips to connect the chassis to a flat bladed screw driver and then tap the clips of the anode cap with the screwdriver. You will most likely hear and potentially see a spark when the discharge happens. The discharge is instant as soon as the spark happens.
-CRTs also have two conductive coatings applied to the on the inside and outside. The inside carries the anode voltage and the outside is connected to ground. This was done to use the CRT itself as a capacitor to smooth power fluctuations in the anode voltage. The glass of the tube acts as the dialectic barrier to form the separation. The CRTs capacitance will depend on its size which increases the amount of parallel surface area, but the total capacitance will be considerably less than 1uF. This means the total power stored in the CRT is not significant. A 1uF capacitor charged to 20,000V would only hold ~0.05Whr of energy.
+Some CRTs may have a "bleeder" resistor installed which connects the CRTs anode and cathode. This will be an extremely high value resistor that won't allow much current to pass through, but once a CRT has been turned off it will slowly dissipate the charge. If you attempt to manually discharge and do not hear or see a spark this may be why.
-== CRT Shock Hazard ==
+== Electrostatic Deflection Shock Hazard ==
-As explained above, CRTs store a small amount power as a capacitor themselves. The shock hazard comes from the fact the charge voltage can be higher than the dialectic breakdown voltage of air, which allows the charge to form a spark gap. This spark gap must have a path from the anode of the CRT, to the outside conductor of the tube to connect the two sides of the capacitor. Since the outside conductor is typically grounded, anywhere on the chassis of the device can act as the cathode to the CRTs anode. The only way to access the anode is under the anode cap though, the inner coating is not externally exposed. The anode cap is connected to the flyback transformer, but due to the isolated nature of a transformer you cannot come in contact with the anode through its connections to the PCB. So if you do not need to remove the anode cap, you are unlikely to come in contact with both sides of the CRT charge and be shocked. The only time it is likely to happen is when you need to remove the anode cap, which should only be needed when removing the PCB the flyback transformer is mounted to.
-== Discharging a CRT ==
+This style of CRT is most commonly found in older monochrome TV sets, oscilloscopes and other test equipment, they can be identified by their lack of a yoke and long tube. Those CRTs like electromagnetic CRTs also use a high acceleration voltage on the anode up to 15 kV typically to form the electron beam, however unlike high current low voltage electromagnetic CRT yokes, electrostatic CRTs instead have several high voltages for deflection and focusing, those are typically between 1.5 kV and 300 V (both positive and negative) and can be a hazard especially in older units with poorly labeled fully exposed circuits boards.
-[[File:AnodeCapClips.png|thumb|The clips on an anode cap from a [[Mac Classic II]]]]
-Since the CRT itself functions as a capacitor, the way to discharge it is to connect the anode and cathode to allow for the voltage potential to equalize between them. The CRT does not need to be connected to earth ground to achieve this. To do this you need to connect the clips of the anode cap to ground on the chassis. The most difficult part of the process is is getting a conductor underneath the anode cap on the CRT which may be "stuck" to it if it was applied with a grease. Using a non-conductive tool to first life the silicone portion of the anode cap can be helpful. A simple way of then connecting the anode to ground is to use a wire with clips to connect the chassis to a flat bladed screw driver and then tap the clips of the anode cap with the screwdriver. You will most likely hear and potentially see a spark when the discharge happens.
+<gallery>
+File:Heathkit io 4550 electrostatic CRT@0.25x.jpg|thumb|Electrostaticlly deflected CRT in the [[Heathkit IO 4550]]
+File:Heathkit io 4550 hv pcb.jpg|thumb|High voltage deflection PCB in the [[Heathkit IO 4550]]
+</gallery>
+== Exposed Metalwork Shock Hazard ==
+{{MoreInfo|Page Name=Mains Power}}
+Some CRTs contain metalwork such as the frame or heatsinks that are live with mains voltage (100 to 240 V), touching those will result in a potentially lethal electric shock. When working on those types of CRTs an isolation transformer is essential but does not eliminate the risk of electric shock.
+== Ionizing Radiation Hazards ==
+In summary this hazard is only present in very specific older CRTs and some CRTs not intended for use in a home and even then the risk is minimal to repair.
+=== Accelerated Electrons Radiation ===
+CRTs have the capability to generate small amounts of low energy ionizing radiation (x-rays) when turned on due to the accelerated electrons rapidly decelerating when hitting the front grilles, phosphors and glass, however this is typically an insignificant amount as modern CRTs contain leaded glass that block this radiation, some CRTs from the 1960s emit ionizing radiation "in excess of desirable levels" so should not be viewed from close distances or for long periods. Regardless, when switched off all ionizing radiation production is stopped, no 'residual' radiation remains, there is no risk of this type of ionizing radiation exposure when repairing CRTs.
+=== Thoriated Tungsten Cathodes ===
+Some CRTs contain cathodes with thoriated tungsten cathodes, as thorium is a radioactive isotope it emits ionizing radiation (gamma rays) even without power. However due to the very small amount of thorium, it's containment in the glass tube and it's limited use in modern CRTs it poses no risk to repair.
-Some CRTs may have a "bleeder" resistor installed which connects the CRTs anode and cathode. This will be an extremely high value resistor that won't allow much current to pass through, but once a CRT has been turned off will slowly dissipate the charge. If you attempt to manually discharge and do not hear or see a spark this may be why.
+[[Category:General Guides]]